The Most Lucrative Business Majors By Starting Salary

The Most Lucrative Business Majors By Starting Salary The normal beginning pay rates for business majors can differ contingent upon the individual, the activity, and the school where the degree was earned. In any case, there are some worthwhile business majors that appear to ascend to the top in the National Association of Colleges and Employers Salary Survey Report. For undergrad business majors, its administration data frameworks, flexibly chain the executives, and fund. For graduate business majors, its showcasing, fund, and business organization. Lets investigate every one of these business majors to get familiar with regions of center, normal beginning pay rates, and post-graduation vocation openings. The board Information Systems The board data frameworks is a business significant that centers around the utilization of automated data frameworks to direct administrative choices and oversee business operations. Average beginning compensations for individuals with a lone rangers degree in the board data frameworks surpass $55,000 and increment exponentially with more work understanding. At the bosses level, normal beginning pay rates are just shy of $65,000. As per PayScale, yearly pay rates for MIS graduates can get as high as $150,000 or more for certain activity titles (like an undertaking administrator). Regular occupation titles incorporate business examiner, frameworks executive, venture chief, and data frameworks administrator. Flexibly Chain Management Business majors who center around flexibly chain the board study coordinations and gracefully chains, which incorporate any individual, association, or activity that takes part in the creation procedure (obtainment and transportation of materials), fabricating process, circulation process, and the utilization process. According to PayScale, normal beginning compensations for business majors with a single men degree in gracefully chain the executives surpass $50,000. At the bosses level, normal beginning compensations are barely short of $70,000. Flexibly chain the executives graduates can fill in as gracefully chain administrators, coordinations chiefs, gracefully chain investigators, or key sourcing supervisors. Fund Fund is a business significant that centers around financial aspects and the administration of cash. This is a well known and worthwhile business major for both undergrad and graduate understudies. Normal beginning pay rates for fund majors surpass $50,000 at the lone wolves level and $70,000 at the experts level. As per PayScale, yearly pay rates for account majors with only a single men degree can get as high as $115,000 for portfolio and fund chiefs. Normal occupation titles for money majors incorporate monetary expert, credit examiner, budgetary organizer, and fund officer.â Advertising Advertising majors gain proficiency with the most ideal approaches to advance, sell, and convey items and administrations to end buyers. As indicated by PayScale, the normal beginning pay for advertisers at the unhitched males level is under $50,000, yet at the experts level, that number surpasses $77,000. Both of those numbers increment with time and experience. PayScale reports a compensation extend for promoting majors that tops out at $150,000 at the single men level and goes a lot higher at the MBA level. Regular occupation titles for business majors who have practical experience in promoting incorporate showcasing supervisor, advertising research examiner, and record executive.â Business Administration Understudies who major in business organization study business activity, especially the presentation, the board, and regulatory capacities. As indicated by PayScale, the normal beginning compensation for graduates with an unhitched males degree in business organization/the board is over $50,000. At the bosses level, graduates gain a normal beginning pay of more than $70,000. The business organization degree is a general business degree, which implies that there are a wide range of vocation ways for graduates. Understudies can proceed to work in the executives or land positions in advertising, money, HR, and related zones. Become familiar with your choices with this manual for lucrative administration employments.

Home Work # 6 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Home Work # 6 - Assignment Example In this way, an economy experiences a quick recuperation period which is joined by innovative progression. Assets are distributed towards the recreation of the harmed capital stock, for example, outside guide and human capital. In the short run the total yield will develop at a higher rate than the development pace of the work power because of the expanded reserve funds and outside guide which pushes the recuperation of the capital development rate back to ordinary. d) After world war two, the genuine GDP in Germany and Japan became consistently because of the time of innovative progression and reproduction. During the recuperation time frame, the innovation in these nations developed at a quicker rate prompting the quicker development of compelling work which is converted into their genuine GDP. 6. With the ascent in deterioration, the balance consistent state capital-work proportion declines.as an outcome, yield per specialist becomes lower and that prompts lower utilization of a similar laborer. This depends on the presumption that the capital-work proportion isn't high in that an expansion in k can decrease utilization of the laborer. On the since quite a while ago run, there are no consequences for the development pace of the all out capital stock. This is because of the way that, over the long haul, the capital stock ought to develop at a similar rate as the work rate development is and along these lines the capital-work proportion stays steady. 7a) The administration buys per laborer are demonstrated by IS at the inintial time, as the administration buys more, the IS bend movements to IS2 bend which goes up and further to one side of the bend. This shows the expansion in both the administration spending and furthermore the expansion in the loan cost of the administration income. b). on the off chance that the administration builds g, it will prompt decrease in the reserve funds of the legislature and in this manner capital per laborer increments because of expanded investment funds, yield per

Books About the Power of Women to Celebrate 125 Women in the House

Books About the Power of Women to Celebrate 125 Women in the House One hundred twenty-five women. One hundred twenty-five women took their seats in the House of Representatives on January 3rd, 2019. Alexandra Ocasio-Cortez is the youngest woman ever to be sworn in and she did so in a suffragette white pants suit (the legend lives). Ilhan Omar, wearing a hijab, forced the body to change their policy on headwear, and Rashida Tlaib, shaking the patriarchy by reminding them ladies do, indeed know how to use the word motherfucker, are the first two Muslim women to be elected to the House. Deb Haaland and Sharice Davids, the first two Native American Congress women in history, hugged after taking their oaths. Some of these women swore to serve the nation on the Bible, as is traditional. Omar and Tlaib did so on the Quran. Krysten Sinema, only the second out LGBTQIA+ congressperson in history, made Mike Pence, a known advocate for conversion therapy, hold a big old law book for her and, friends, it was something to behold. As was the smile on seventy-eight year old Nancy Pelosis face as she took the gavel back from someone who  wasnt Paul Ryan because, oh, right…he isnt a Congressman anymore. The expression on Speaker Pelosis face was a study in emotion. There was pride. Wonder. Joy. Relief. Determination. Some anger around the eyes. A dash of contempt for those who had allowed what she had worked so hard to build, for so long, to fall so close to ruin. And there was, throughout, a hint of a smirk. A smirk that said, to all who have felt afraid, were here now, and to all who had tried to tear our country apart with hate, were back, you bastards, and were bringing Hell with us. You know what Shakespeare said about women scorned, right? Over the centuries, its been used as an insult. A commentary on our supposed lack of emotional and psychological fortitude. Well, the Bards reasoning was all sorts of off, but his conclusions? Not so much. And after two years of a president who brags about grabbing us by our private parts and treats us like dolls to dress up and parade in front of other men, a president who thinks he has the right to legislate our bodies and our minds…Im pretty sure hell hath no fury like the Honorable Speaker Pelosi with a gavel. Remember, when Thor fell from worthiness, it was Jane Foster who wielded Mjolnir. And Frigga brought an army of female heroes to aid in the defense of Asgard. Who says comics cant teach you anything. Anyway… Who runs the world? Girls. (Well, women, but I didnt write the song, so…) And here are some books to help you celebrate the ascension that proves what  weve always known. Akata Witch by Nnedi Okorafor Sunny is a girl of two worlds: born in America to Nigerian parents, her family returns to their homeland when shes old enough to remember the former and to have difficulty finding her place in Nigeria. Because she was born with albinism, those around her arent certain how to interpret her appearance and, in Africa, some consider her cursed. Whats more, just as shes finding her balance, Sunny discovers shes a leopard person, in possession of magical skills that are a complete surprise to her but which she must learn how to use quickly so that she and her friends, a rare four person coven, can take down a magical serial killer, before he damages the world irreparably. Power is not always wielded by the most well trained, the eldest, or the wisest. Sometimes, its found where its needed most. A Spark of White Fire by Sangu Mandanna Esme is sent away from her family as an infant in the hopes of protecting all of them from a coup. Hidden for years as a servant at another court, trained as a warrior but expected to remain hidden away until called upon, Esme enters a competition hoping to win the most technological advanced ship ever built, a ship which also happens to be sentient. She plans to offer it, and her assistance, to her brother in his fight for the throne. Esme wins the competition and the ship. Her brother is willing to accept the prize but not her. Esme is not, as the kids say, down with that. And she will not be hidden away again. A Spark of  White Fire flew a bit under the radar and Im not sure why but I urge you all to get on it. Based on  The Mahabarata, its sure to be epic all the way through and I cant wait for the next installment. Captain Marvel, Vol 1: Higher Further Faster More by Kelly Sue DeConnick and David Lopez What, you thought you were getting a kick-butt lady list without some Carol? You should know me better than that by now. I particularly like this volume because its the one in which Carol has to make the decision to leave Earth, and that arc gives her a chance to be more than just the commander of Alpha Flight. Part of that decision is Carol Danvers the human discussing with a certain Colonel Rhodesâ€"with whom she has one of the only mature, healthy, adult relationships in comics history, by the wayâ€"the reality of leaving him behind on Earth. And asking him to feed her cat while shes gone. This is comic scripting at its best: real emotion, tempered with a little humor, epic stakes interspersed with humanity. This is what made DeConnicks run a classic and the conflict in her Carol something all of us, even those of us who wear scrubs or jeans and t-shirts, or lab coats instead of super suits, can identify with. Being a woman in this world is hard. But Carol does it, her writer does it. We can do it too. My Love Story by Tina Turner Back in the olden days of 1987, Tina Turner wrote a memoir with Kurt Loder. Loder, for those of you who dont remember, was what we would probably now call a pop culture writer at magazines like  Esquire,  Details,  and  Time. He was also an editor at  Rolling Stone and was the news dude on  MTV.  I read  I, Tina  last year for a piece on women in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame  and it was an interesting memoir/biography with a fascinating structure: Turner and Loder would alternate chapters with her telling the more intimate, personal aspects of a particular period while he laid out more specific chronologies and transcribed interviews with family members, managers, colleagues, etc. Turner has written this new book on her own, however, and Im curious to see how its different. Certainly, there is an additional 30 years  to her history at this point, in which her career has experienced a major resurgence and during which she has remarried and moved to Switzerland. Regardless, this is a woman who became a singer when she wasnt allowed to eat or stay in many of the places she performed, and who walked away from an abusive relationship in a time when that wasnt done, at the risk of not only her career but her life and the lives of her children. Who refused to let threats or social conventions destroy her and who rebuilt, on her own, from scratch, everything that had been taken away. We have work to do. This is a good place to find inspiration. Reimagining Equality: Stories of Gender, Race, and Finding Home by Anita Hill Sometimes, the bravest thing we can do is survive. Sometimes, its the  only  thing we can do. Professor Anita Hill has complied the stories of African American women who have done just that, starting with her own great-great-grandmother, playwright Lorraine Hansberry, and continuing into the modern era with Baltimore beauty shop owner and housing-crisis survivor Anjanette Booker. In the Trump era, sometimes remaining here, in our homes, in our nation, is the greatest act of rebellion. Nolite  te Bastardes  Carborundorum. Sorcerer to the Crown by Zen Cho Where has Englands magic gone? No one is certain, though its disappearance is likely the fault of the once  highly  proper Royal Society of Unnatural Philosophers not so gentlemanly Sorcerer Royal. The solution may be easier than the aforementioned believes though it would involve the utterly unthinkable: admitting a  woman might be more capable in the mystic arts than any man Ruth Bader Ginsburg: A Life by Jane Sherron de Hart No one defies expectations like the honorable RBG. Not in life, not in career, not in the utter destruction of social expectations and conventions. There is no public figure, no member of this government, more determined to make certain whats left of this ship stays on course. Shes 85 years old and was back working two days after lung cancer surgery, people. Want to know how she came by that grit? Read this book. Because yes, we need this incoming class. But we need a couple of elder stateswomen too. I think Pelosi and Ginsburg fit the bill pretty damn perfectly. Double Bind: Women on Ambition by Robin Romm Have kids. But when are you coming back to work? Take care of yourself. But dont post too many selfies. Focus on your job. But when are you getting married? Girls can rule the world. But dont be a bitch. Smile more. You were leading him on. You look like a nun. Did you see what she was wearing? She was asking for it. Women live in a universe of perpetual double standards. All of it is social construct. Every last bit. But that doesnt make it any less powerful. Has it gotten better as feminism has progressed? Maybe. Sometimes. But in my experience, women are often harder on other women than men are on women. Unless its related to sex, and then men think they own womens appearance, bodies, and opinions. Sex and comic books. So what do we do? The first step is acknowledging the conflict, as the essays in Romms book do. Only once we do so can we start to construct a new reality, one in which we can more objectively examine not only the double standards others apply to  us but those  we apply to ourselves and, horrors, those  we apply to  others. Dance like Ocasio-Cortez. Swear like Tlaib. Smile like Pelosi. Because the girl gang is here. And we have books.

Italian Verb Conjugations Credere

Effects Of Poverty On Education - 940 Words

There are over 2 million families and children living in poverty in America day by day. Poverty is when you’re living in conditions below the average family. Many reason’s poverty is caused is when adults do not complete high school and receive a low education to deal with their whole life. Also is caused by wnot being able to receive a job. â€Å"According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, about 9.5 million of people who spent at least 27 weeks in the labor force were poor.†(Davis) Poverty is a big social issue in America that impacts education, getting jobs and health issues. Poverty in families impacts and reduces a childs readiness for school because usually in their households children hear less words which causes them to have a†¦show more content†¦Most of the time it just takes a drive in that person to want to do better and change. Poverty impacts those who need employment by them not being able to keep of receive a job and cause the lack income. A single mother with three children just lost her job because of its closure.now is in need of a job because she is stuck with no income for her family. â€Å"The majority of people who live below the poverty level do not work, but this includes children, the elderly and the disabled poor†(k) . Problems impacting employment is how society portrays an image of those in need and causes them not to be able to get a job. Furthermore, at least 1.3 million workers receive the minimum wage with no raise and pay is little to nothing worked for . Working under the table jobs just to meet ends because the state makes it difficult to find decent jobs for hard to employ individuals.. â€Å"High, stable wages and stable full-time employment can keep many out of poverty. However, stagnation of wages at the bottom of the US wage distribution over the past several decades and continuing low rates of full-time work.† (Davis). Dealing with employment and living in poverty can display how many fail to find a stable job. Moreover, the percentages of children living in poverty is nearly half of the total combined. There are over fifteen million children that live in the United States and nearly one fourth of the families receive less than theShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Poverty on Education1061 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cause and Effect of Poverty and Education Definition of poverty is used to define a condition of inability to satisfy ones basic needs of life-essential among which include; food, shelter, clothing and housing. It is the greatest modern form of slavery that humanity is suffering from. There are numerous chains of events of poverty leading to overall poor education. What is the poverty line anyway? According to the 2011 US Census Bureau, it is a family of four (two adults and two children underRead MorePoverty : The Effects On Education1796 Words   |  8 PagesPoverty: The effects on Education Poverty has nothing to do with education, right? School is school and we all receive the same education no matter where we attend, right? All children have the same opportunity of the best modern schools no matter of their financial situation, right? The answer is no, no, and no. Poverty has a huge impact on a child’s education, mental stability, and future of financial freedoms. Poverty-stricken communities across America have a constant uphill battle to surviveRead More The Effects of Poverty on Education Essay1157 Words   |  5 Pagesfactors in getting a good paying job is education. However, even the best schools cannot overcome some of the obstacles placed in front of the students that walk through their doors. Poverty, chaotic home environments, discrepancies in exposure to technology, and lack of funding for schools all negatively impact the effort to educate children. In today’s economic environment even the wealthiest states and districts are having to cut funding for education, while districts which were already teeteringRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Poverty On Education790 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many issues children go through in life, that can make a negative impact on their education. Students who live in poverty go through more stressful situations at an earlier age. Those situations can keep them from having academic success because they have too many other distractions in their life. The schools that have more low income families are amongst those who have the lowest test scores and the highest drop out rates. For that reason, a child may not be able to succeed academicallyRead MoreExtreme Poverty : Causes, Effects, And Solutions902 Words   |  4 Pagesin the world one of them is extreme poverty. Extreme poverty is an issue in many countries all over the world. There are several causes, effects, and solutions to this issue. Extreme poverty is living on under two dollars a day, migration, violence, lack of education, diseases, starvation and exploitation. Colombia is a country where there are people living on two dollars a day. A country where they are not getting the education that they need. In Colombia, aboutRead MoreEffects Of School Achievement On Children1306 Words   |  6 Pageslife impacting. Often the only way out of poverty is an education that can provide them with a job which can meet their income needs. If a child’s school achievement is affected by poverty, they have a higher chance of dropping out and continuing poverty in their generation. Effects of school achievement are measured by if the child has repeated a grade, suspended or expelled, and/or dropped out before graduating. A large amount of children that live in poverty will repeat a grade due to limit educationalRead MoreGrowing Up Of Poverty : An Important Aspect That Maintains An Individual s Place Essay842 Words   |  4 PagesENGL 1113 Comp I MWF 11:00 27th October 2016 Growing up in Poverty Economic status is an important aspect that maintains an individual’s place in the society. Economic status is the thing that matters more than gender, race or religion. Though it is not the actual fact but it is believed that you need to have an economic standard to create your identity in society. Society doesn’t give respect to poor and this is heart breaking. Poverty not only prevents you from getting a good and quality of lifeRead More So Rich, So Poor by Peter Edelman Essay1000 Words   |  4 PagesWhile it has proven to be difficult to end poverty in America, Peter Edelman is optimistic. In his book So Rich, So Poor Edelman makes a call to action. There are four prominent ideas that underpin Edelman’s reasoning throughout the book: (1) More people must understand why poverty is still so prevalent in America; (2) extreme poverty must be taken into consideration as a shocking 6 million Americans’ sole income was food stamps in 2011. This fact alone creates a sense of urgency that drives Edelman;Read MoreEffect Of Trade Openness On Developing Countries1591 Words   |  7 Pagespaper viz. a single equation random effect panel regression model and a two equation instrumental variable panel regression model, both for the years 2000, 2005 and 2010. First, we estimate the single equationmodel. The aim of this model is to find out the effect of trade openness directly on poverty in developing countries. The following equation is estimated: p = a + b1 (tra) + b2 (infr) + b3 (edu) + b4 (health) + b5 (gdpcap) + e(1) where, ‘p’ is poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP)Read MoreThe Effects Of Poverty On The United States1541 Words   |  7 Pages12/07/2015 Professor Sirkin The Effects of Poverty on Education For those who live in the United States, some do not see the correlation between poverty and its effects on people’s behavior to their academics. Poverty affects many students at a young age depending on the location they are in as it prevents underprivileged kids to seek higher education. However, with new opportunities [in effect], kids in poverty can have the same education as privileged kids. Poverty stricken students are disadvantaged

Judgement Day Free Essays

â€Å"First of all, let me apologise for our pathetic performance against Crystal Palace. Enough has been said about that already, and now we must focus positively on this afternoon’s match. It’s a game we must win, and then keep or fingers crossed about the eventual outcome. We will write a custom essay sample on Judgement Day or any similar topic only for you Order Now I don’t want to think about the unthinkable. † The colourful, shiny programme I held in my hands trembled as I read this. It was from the weekly interview with the Portsmouth F. C. manager, Graham Rix. It sounded a long way away from the cool and collected manager, who had denied all problems and remained optimistic until this day. For you see, this was no ordinary day, no ordinary Saturday match for the inhabitants of the bustling south coast city of Portsmouth. This was like something out of a cheesy American movie. It was the last day of the season and, as they had been forced to do four times in the last six years, Portsmouth had to win to stay in the division. It was their own fault really, as many a Pompey fan would admit. They had spurned their chance to escape this last day nerve-jangler only three days prior to this momentous day. The chance had arisen when they played Crystal Place, the team one place below them, the place feared by managers and fans alike, the final relegation place. It had been a cold, damp night at Fratton Park, and yet still, the Pompey faithful wore only the shimmering blue and gold shirt, onto which, the Portsmouth badge was stitched. They had turned out in there hoards, believing this would be the night when our troubles came to an end, and after which we could relax, safe in the knowledge that we would remain in Division One for at least one more year. It was evident as the match kicked off that all was not well, as Palace stroked the ball around the park with ease, confident in their own surviving ability. This confidence paid off, and, within the first ten minutes of the match they had scored. They kept going, and by half time they were leading the uncomfortable looking ‘royal blues’ 3-0. The rot continued, and despite a bright spell of ten minutes, in which they clawed it back from the brink to 3-2, the final score was one of woe for Portsmouth. The match finished 4- 2, with Portsmouth playing abysmally, and giving themselves a severe up hill struggle, needing to win by two or more goals on the last day, against a strong Barnsley team, whilst also counting on Crystal Palace or Huddersfield to lose. The crestfallen fans trudged home, pouring into the gloomy streets, no doubt feeling as bad as the dire weather. There were mutterings of discontent all over the town, about the manager, about the team, and most worryingly, about the future. It was obvious to me, from his emotional spill in the programme, that Rix had also felt this bitterness as he left the stadium. It was this I hoped, as I moved along with the surging mass of blue, that would keep us up, that finally we had a manager who cared about the team, not just his bank account. I noticed that, alike the sea of friends I did not know, I had been overtaken by a strange numbness, a sort of hollowness, which rendered me unable to speak or sing along with the rest. As I handed my ticket to the collector upon entering the lower east KJC stand, he seemed to notice my nervousness, and gave me a wink or reassurance, and told me it would be ok. This went a great deal to settling my nerves, but it was not nearly as soothing as the great roar that greeted me, as I stepped out from the stairs to find my seat, sifting through the cheering fans. It was quite simply breath taking; in all my life I am unable to recall another time when I had received such a rush of adrenaline. After taking to my seat I soon joined in with the familiar chants that had graced the ground for decades before, and lost my already quivering voice in the process. Then, the place went silent, as our chairman, Milan Mandric came out of the tunnel, looking as anxious as we all felt. He made a speech, which reverberated over the ancient tannoy, shaking the stands. He reassured us that this team was his heart, and we, were his blood. We were, in his eyes, the best followers he could have hoped for, and he then thanked us for coming, and made his way up the stairs of the stand, and sat down among the fans, much to their delight. The team then crossed the threshold of the tunnel, and entered the hallowed turf of Fratton Park to a standing ovation. It was the biggest game of their lives, but they did not show it, warming up as usual, and signing autographs for the children. Then, as they stripped from their training kits to reveal the kit, that every young boy from the area dreams of putting on, the ground seemed to take on an eerie silence. This continued for a few more minutes right up to the start of the match, when only then it was broken by the referees whistle, signifying one of the most important games in the history of the club, and certainly the most important in my short lifetime. This was it! This was the match! All of 16,000 people, the capacity crowd at Fratton Park held their breath, said their prayers, and hoped that after the ninety minutes had ended they would be cheering again. As the whistle sounded the crowd exploded into noise, with the fans hollering out the traditional morale boosting songs, unique to Portsmouth. Barnsley didn’t know what hit them. From the start they faced wave after wave of attack from the blend of youth and experience that was the Portsmouth team, most of which broke onto the defensive rock that was Darren Barnard, the Welsh international. Then, as time went on the constant pressure applied from Portsmouth began to show, the lackadaisical Matt Appleby pondered too long on what to do next and was caught in possession by the energetic local boy, Gary O’Neil. He powered his was down the wing, and swung in an accurate, curling cross. This was met by the huge frame of die-hard Portsmouth fan and player Lee Bradbury, who powered the Blues into the lead by steering the ball past the hapless keeper, Kevin Miller, into the net. Before the ball had even touched the floor the crowd were on their feet, sheer jubilation running through them, as they hugged strangers, and friends alike. They could sense something special was on the way. I leapt up from my seat, throwing my programme to the floor, and cheered all I could, losing my voice, which I had only just regained. Among the crescendo of clapping and cheering the game had already started again. There was a buzz among the crowd, as the players in blue seemed to swarm the ill-fated Barnsley defence, pouncing on every mistake. After a swift attack in which Barnsley committed many men forwards, Portsmouth broke, tearing up the field, sweeping the ball from left to right. Lee Sharpe came up with it, on the left flank, and violently lashed it centrally, towards the advancing run of Gary O’Neil. The wayward defence watched, as he cut through them expertly, until he had a clear chance at goal. I was amazed at his composure, as most experienced players would, by now, just have belted it goal bound and hoped for the best, but O’Neil calmly and collectedly dinked the ball over the advancing keeper, and landed it in the far corner of the goal, where it rolled over the line. The crowd again detonated a chorus of cheers and clapping. O’Neil ran over to the crowd in celebration, and was instantly mobbed by the devotees, who were restrained by the stewards, who themselves were in a jubilant mood. All around me I could see happy faces, it was not their dream come true, but their nightmare vanquished, and I revelled with them in delight. It was, in hindsight, a little presumptuous of us though, to have celebrated already, as there was still another half to go. The first half in fact drew to a close with the booking of Bruce Dyer, who was beginning to get frustrated by the constant badgering from the home supporters. At half time the multitude of persons arose, and filed off, to get their customarily dodgy half time snack, of pies, tea and chocolate. Whilst down there though, many people began cheering, for what seemed like no reason, but then it was made public over the tannoy that at that specific moment in time both Huddersfield and Palace were losing, and if all stayed as it was we would stay up. Still, I was worried, football is a cruel game, and Portsmouth had been known for conceding late goals, costly ones. As I stepped back out onto the terracing I glanced around at the surroundings. It was an ocean of blue, shone upon by the sun, on a hot May afternoon. It all seemed calm, all problems washed away, knowing that we were all in this together, and that, come rain or shine, we always would be. It was a touching moment I can assure you. The next half continued as the first half finished, which was brilliant from our point of view, as we had been playing out of our socks for the first 45 minutes. The players had obviously deliberately not been told about the results elsewhere, as they still set about their task with a great sense of urgency, giving their all. The more and more we attacked the more defiant Barnsley became, and soon the constant failure of all of Portsmouth’s attacks began to frustrate some of the Portsmouth players. What happened next horrified the Pompey faithful, as an off the ball argument soon developed into a brawl, in which Shaun Derry crudely head-butted Barnsley’s captain Neil Shipperly, breaking his nose. For this pointless act of violence Derry was rightfully dismissed, and even the bluenose Portsmouth fans did not complain. Whilst Shipperly was replaced by Rory Fallon, Portsmouth adjusted their formation to cope with being a man down. There were whispers behind me that this was the changing point, and that all our good work had been undone. It was a worrying time to be a fan, and the jitteriness of the crowd returned. But my worries were soon quashed, as Portsmouth seemed not to be affected by their numerical disadvantage, and played some lovely flowing football, all applauded riotously by the fans. It was a long period of sustained build up play that led to the third goal. The ball had been played backwards, and forwards, as Portsmouth, instead of launching high balls over the top, decided to probe their opponents, and retain possession. This worked a treat, as a great link up between O’Neil and Mills put through Bradbury, who, with endless space took the ball cheekily around the keeper, and slotted the ball home, into the unguarded net. Barnsley were broken, their spirit crushed, they had been out played in every dimension and they knew it. The crowd also knew it, and sung out in great approval, as the minutes passed by at a snail’s pace. After what seemed like an eternity the referee began to look down at his watch. At this the Portsmouth fans prompted him by whistling to a deafening pitch, and after two more minutes of this the referee, who had performed well, blew for time. For a second there was silence, an aura of disbelief swept over the stands. I stood there taking it all in, pinching myself, aware that I had just been privileged enough to witness one of the greatest moments in the clubs’ history. My train of thought was broken, by the rather poignantly apt ‘Great Escape’ theme being blasted out of speakers all around the ground. The crowd got their voice back again, and scenes of celebrations soon followed. I was swept along, on a wave of euphoria with the crowd onto the pitch, where the players were lifted high above the heads of the crowd, on their shoulders. Flags were hoisted up around the ground, and the news cameras were all over the place, interviewing fans, interviewing players. I came upon one interview with the relieved Graham Rix. On one of the greatest days of my life, I stood there, listening to what he had to say, along with a great number of fans, who waited to congratulate him after. His words at first were serious, stating, that ‘this would never happen again. ‘ How many times I had heard that in the last six years. But there was something about this man, something different. He cared. We all knew it, and we all knew that he would do everything in his power to keep his promise. His next words struck a particular chord with me, and have stuck with me ever since. His face changing from one of happiness to one of ambition, as his delivered his final words, ‘just think how those fans would have reacted if we could really give them something to celebrate! ‘ How to cite Judgement Day, Papers

Music Writer Essays - Trisha Yearwood, , Term Papers

Music Writer Music Writer The job of being a music writer entails many things. As most people believe, they do more then criticize artists work. In an email interview between Steven Ward, and David McGee (a music writer), David tells of how he works for BarnesandNoble.com as a country music editor. He states, What we do at bn.com is not music criticismbecause bn.com hopes to sell these albums, the reviews emphasize the albums positive aspects. This shows us how music writers arent always criticizing new artists, and old artists. Some jobs require you to do that, such as certain magazines. David McGee also talks about how the best part of his job is being able to interview to artists, and getting to see what their personalities are like when they are not performing, or not in front of a camera. To me I think that would be the most interesting part. He got to interview such country stars as, Shelby Lynne, Trisha Yearwood, and Charlie Daniels. Between the interviews, and research of the albums, the music writer describes the album, and what aspects of it may appeal to people, and what aspects may not appeal to people. Most jobs may set restrictions on how much you can say about one album, meaning the bad stuff written about the album. I feel that being a music writer would be a fun job to have. You would get to meet all the famous stars, along with local stars that are just beginning. You would be able to understand how they started, and how they lived their lives before they hit it big in the music industry. Being able to listen to the albums, and let people know what to look for before buying it, or trying to get people to buy it by telling them how good the album really is, interests me. Music Essays

Theory And Method Essay Final

Theory And Method Essay Final Theory And Method Essay Final Catherine Scott AFE1108-Theory and method in language study. When thinking about the question ‘What is Language’ it is imperative to consider many important factors which could determine an answer to such a broad statement. There are three main concepts which give an insight into what language actually is; it is most commonly seen as a kind of behaviour, a state of mind and a means of communication. Noam Chomsky a behaviourist of linguistics has studied the way in which our minds nurture language and argues that language is in the mind. We must already be aware of language before we learn sentences and word meanings for example if someone told one about a blue house one would presume this was in reference to the outside of the house as this is the natural thought process â€Å"One of the fundamental aspects of human language, according to Chomsky, is its creative nature† Stark 1998 which suggests that we can create and develop language through our own interpretation and knowledge systems and social contexts. There is more t o language than simply the words we speak. In her book ‘Thinking about language’ Chapman 2006 highlights areas of the question â€Å"What is language† by looking at different theorists approaches to the concept of language. This essay will consider the three factors mentioned about what language is. My own interpretation is that language is a vital part of everyday life used for many means of communication between humans and possibly other species and cultures; however this essay will focus mainly on the English language. Without interaction through different forms of language there would be no way of developing ideas and moving forward throughout history as there would have been a continuous breakdown in communication. Language is a far broader concept than simply the words which we speak or write down, evidence shows that even in times when there was no recorded language with structure or grammar there was still a level of communication between the species for example Cavemen. The communication used by Cavemen was drawings which have been found over time and shows that although there was no linguistic development a type of language was still evident. â€Å"Scientists who have been trawling through the DNA, found in Neanderthal bones have discovered that the now extinct species had a â€Å"language gene† that is only found in modern humans.†Gray 2007, these points raised by Gray justify that there may have been a coded communication between the cavemen possibly even a language. On the other hand any coded form of communication may be a language. Other examples of where language is not just words and writing is something such as Egyptian hieroglyphics and Morse code. Behaviourists such as Noam Chomsky suggest â€Å"The term ‘language’ is often used in quite a different way, referring not to some specific biologically determined system, but rather to any mode of communication or mode of expression, in some very general sense.† Chomsky 1983. Although there is no lexicon used between the cavemen they would have used a stimulus and responded to each other’s needs in their own way which is a form of communicating language. It could be suggested that language is a type of behaviour as there are examples from different theorists which imply this. For example â€Å"Language is people talking and writing. It is a concrete, tangible aspect of human behaviour.† Sampson 2001. His argument that language is a type of behaviour is brought about through an empirical scientific method meaning it is based on knowledge and taken from someone’s experience in that subject area. Sampson’s process for looking at language as a type of behaviour involved the steps of looking, listening, producing hypotheses, predicting the outcome using evidence and testing the hypotheses. Furthermore he suggested we must develop new or adapted hypotheses and test these against observable behaviour. The example used by Chapman 2006, is that if a person is hungry they

Uruk - Mesopotamian Capital City in Iraq

Uruk - Mesopotamian Capital City in Iraq The ancient Mesopotamian capital of Uruk is located on an abandoned channel of the Euphrates river about 155 miles south of Baghdad. The site includes an urban settlement, temples, platforms, ziggurats, and cemeteries enclosed in a fortification ramp almost ten kilometers in circumference. Uruk was occupied as early as the Ubaid period, but began to show its importance in the late 4th millennium BC, when it included an area of 247 acres and was the largest city in the Sumerian civilization. By 2900 BC, during the Jemdet Nasr period, many Mesopotamian sites were abandoned but Uruk included nearly 1,000 acres, and it must have been the largest city in the world. Uruk was a capital city of various importance for the Akkadian, Sumerian, Babylonian, Assyrian, and Seleucid civilizations, and was abandoned only after AD 100. Archaeologists associated with Uruk include William Kennet Loftus in the mid-nineteenth century, and a series of German archaeologists from the Deutsche Oriente-Gesellschaft including Arnold NÃ ¶ldeke. Sources This glossary entry is a part of the About.com Guide to Mesopotamia and part of the Dictionary of Archaeology. Goulder J. 2010. Administrators bread: an experiment-based re-assessment of the functional and cultural role of the Uruk bevel-rim bowl. Antiquity 84(324351-362). Johnson, GA. 1987. The changing organization of Uruk Administration on the Susiana Plain. In The Archaeology of Western Iran: settlement and society from prehistory to the Islamic Conquest. Frank Hole, ed. Pp. 107-140. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. - 1987. Nine thousand years of social change in western Iran. In The Archaeology of Western Iran: settlement and society from prehistory to the Islamic Conquest. Frank Hole, ed. Pp. 283-292. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. Rothman, M. 2004. Studying the development of complex society: Mesopotamia in the late fifth and fourth millennia BC. Journal of Archaeological Research 12(1):75-119. Also Known As: Erech (Judeo-Christian bible), Unu (Sumerian), Warka (Arabic). Uruk is the Akkadian form.

American Railroad or Baseball Americas sport Essay

American Railroad or Baseball Americas sport - Essay Example Goods could be shipped across long distances at a fraction of the cost and messages could be sent across country in a fraction of the time. The purpose of the present research is to discover how the advent of the railroad affected the daily lives of Americans, particularly in the American west. While the general impression has always been that the railroads did little more than destroy those who came to work on them, this investigation attempts to prove that for all the harm it caused, the railroad also created many new opportunities for minority groups seeking new beginnings in the modern world. By examining the words these individuals left behind and the effects that the railroad was having in a more general sense upon the landscape, economy and way of life of the average person, particularly within the less settled and less civilized lifestyles of the west, a better understanding can be obtained regarding the positive and negative aspects of the advent of the modern world upon the se open and wild places, uniting a country and expanding Americans’ worldview while changing the nature of possibilities once available in this rugged land. The railroad introduced significant changes to the previously wild and unknown western portions of the country. While there were already many individuals living out in the empty prairies, it remained a difficult and precarious lifestyle, frequently isolating individuals from families back east thanks to a slow and costly communications system and the difficulties and distances to be traveled. For this reason, change occurred relatively slowly within the western half of the nation except in those areas more easily accessible by boat. As the railroads were built, however, change was forced upon the land. Industries changed as the landscape was divided up into manageable parcels, economies shifted as efficiency replaced older traditional methods of business and

Final Project Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Final Project - Research Proposal Example To access the facility customers are required to obtain tickets for different movies of their choice. The theatre has only one ticketing station located at the entrance of the premises where the customers obtain their tickets. The movie theatre serves a huge number of customers, there is an increased number of customers particularly during holiday seasons. The limited number of ticketing stations results in long queues and unnecessary time wastage in the ticketing process. The customers always complain about the time wasted queuing to purchase the tickets. Additionally, most clients complain about missing the beginning of the movies for which they intend to watch. The seats in the theatre are arranged into three sets; VIP lounge, Ordinary and back seats. Each of the seats is numbered depending on each category and they all have different pricing. The VIP lounge costs more followed by the ordinary and back seats respectively. The pricing also varies depending on the day of the week and the time. Tickets for movies shown on weekends and between 2PM to 7 PM and 7PM to 11 PM cost more than those on weekdays and during the day. The major problem associated with the current system is the loss of revenue and lack of customer satisfaction occasioned by delays in issuance of tickets to customers. The delay also results in low number of customers resulting from the slow ticketing process. It has been observed that approximately 600 seats are always occupied in one sitting yet the capacity of the theatre is twice this number. Hence, there is underutilization of the facility since it is not filled to capacity. To achieve this, the proposed simulation intends to create additional ticketing kiosks to a total of 6 kiosks strategically placed to enhance the ticketing process. It also intends to increase the ticketing options to allow online ticketing through the company’s website or through

Literary Techniques in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay -- Shakespeare Mac

Literary Techniques in Shakespeare's Macbeth Without literary techniques most literature would be colorless. Therefore these techniques are very crucial in producing successful writing. Not only do they create interest, they also help in development of characters, this is especially depicted in the Shakespearean play, Macbeth. The characters developed from the different literary techniques such as irony, paradox, and imagery assist in conveying the many themes throughout the play. In this play different types of irony help in the development of characters, and as a result convey the themes of the play. First, Macbeth invites Banquo to his feast, ?Fail not our feast,? says Macbeth, ?My lord I will not,? replies Banquo ( , , 29-30 ). This is an illustration of dramatic irony because it is known before this quote that Macbeth is planning to murder Banquo and that he will not be alive to attend the great feast. Consequently this quote depicts a lot about Macbeth?s character because is shows that he is very conniving and heartless due to the fact that he wants to murder one of his only friends, and his innocent son. This also follows the theme of appearance versus reality in the play. When saying this Macbeth seems to be genuine and sincere, but in reality the audience/reader know are already aware of his evil and vicious plans. Lady Macbeth speaks another example of irony, as she talks of her account with Duncan: ?Had he not resembled my father I had don e?t.?( , . 13-14) This is an example of thematic irony, because shortly before Lady Macbeth seems be very strong and determined but when she comes face to face with the deed she is unable to do it. This shows that Lady Macbeth is not as sinister as she se... ... help create the characters personalities and by doing this aid in the production of the themes. All in all Shakespeare?s Macbeth, accurately uses the literary techniques of irony, which show that things aren?t always what they seem; paradox which depict that sometimes things should be reexamined to find out the real or other then literal meaning of what is being said, and imagery which illustrates that putting images in peoples minds is one of the best ways to convey a message. Together these techniques develop the characters and themes in the play. There are many lessons to be learnt in this play, when comprehended correctly they can help one unravel some of man?s modern day difficulties in life. Works Cited: Shakespeare, William. A New Variorum Edition: Macbeth. Ed. Horace Howard Furness. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1915. Literary Techniques in Shakespeare's Macbeth Essay -- Shakespeare Mac Literary Techniques in Shakespeare's Macbeth Without literary techniques most literature would be colorless. Therefore these techniques are very crucial in producing successful writing. Not only do they create interest, they also help in development of characters, this is especially depicted in the Shakespearean play, Macbeth. The characters developed from the different literary techniques such as irony, paradox, and imagery assist in conveying the many themes throughout the play. In this play different types of irony help in the development of characters, and as a result convey the themes of the play. First, Macbeth invites Banquo to his feast, ?Fail not our feast,? says Macbeth, ?My lord I will not,? replies Banquo ( , , 29-30 ). This is an illustration of dramatic irony because it is known before this quote that Macbeth is planning to murder Banquo and that he will not be alive to attend the great feast. Consequently this quote depicts a lot about Macbeth?s character because is shows that he is very conniving and heartless due to the fact that he wants to murder one of his only friends, and his innocent son. This also follows the theme of appearance versus reality in the play. When saying this Macbeth seems to be genuine and sincere, but in reality the audience/reader know are already aware of his evil and vicious plans. Lady Macbeth speaks another example of irony, as she talks of her account with Duncan: ?Had he not resembled my father I had don e?t.?( , . 13-14) This is an example of thematic irony, because shortly before Lady Macbeth seems be very strong and determined but when she comes face to face with the deed she is unable to do it. This shows that Lady Macbeth is not as sinister as she se... ... help create the characters personalities and by doing this aid in the production of the themes. All in all Shakespeare?s Macbeth, accurately uses the literary techniques of irony, which show that things aren?t always what they seem; paradox which depict that sometimes things should be reexamined to find out the real or other then literal meaning of what is being said, and imagery which illustrates that putting images in peoples minds is one of the best ways to convey a message. Together these techniques develop the characters and themes in the play. There are many lessons to be learnt in this play, when comprehended correctly they can help one unravel some of man?s modern day difficulties in life. Works Cited: Shakespeare, William. A New Variorum Edition: Macbeth. Ed. Horace Howard Furness. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1915.

“500 Days Of Summer” Film Essay

Non-verbal communication plays a key role in signifying the status of Tom and Summer’s relationship. Provide depth examples of how proxemics, eye contact, touch, and chronemics are articulated in the film. Interpersonal communication skills provide the tools to make a foundation for friendships and romantic relationships. Conflict and nonverbal communication are looked into with more depth in interpersonal relationships. In the movie 500 Days of Summer, audiences a lot of nonverbal communication. The movie shows characters Tom Hansen and Summer Finn during their attempts to build a relationship. Tom and Summer’s experiences shows issues such as conflicts within a romantic relationship, and nonverbal communication. In 500 Days of Summer, nonverbal communication signified a great deal between Tom and Summer. One example of nonverbal communication is when Tom reached to hold Summer’s hand in public, but Summer moved her hand quickly away from his, so that they wouldn’t hold hands. Not only was she letting him know she did not want to show affection in front of anyone, but she was stating her loss of interest in him romantically. However, moments such as this were evidence of mixed messages Summer usually showed to Tom. She did keep physical intimacy with him. However, she did not want to publicly establish a romantic relationship with him. Then again nonverbal messages are more easy to change and mean another than verbal meanings. A smile can express comfort or just being happy or smiling because someone else in smiling at you. Another example that of non verbal communication that showed, is when Tom and Summer went to the store and they were flirting with each other and playing the roles if they were all ready living together. The Proxemics in that chosen area gave them the opportunity so show more affection with each other. They had a depiction of the future they could have with one another. To go more into depth they were already a lot of problems that were going on between Tom and Summers relationship. There were many nonverbal cues between Tom and Summer. A lot of problems came in to play when one of them confused or  misinterpreted the others nonverbal communications. All in all, relationships are built upon building blocks of many subjects. In the movie 500 Days of Summer, one can see the nonverbal communication through out the whole movie. People will see Tom and Summer’s example of how relationships are able to form, as well as how relationships can be terminated from the non verbal communication skills with many other communication problems.

Women in Holy Book Quran Free Essay Example, 2000 words

Western society has quite a lot of reservations when it comes to the dressing of Muslim women. What the west does not understand is that these women are just following the teachings of their own religion and are not doing something to displease any community or any elected form of government yet these end up more or less at the mercy of the non-Muslims. The issues of headscarf and veil wearing within France and even in the United States are nothing but a story of shambles [Ambah, 2006]. Every man or woman, no matter who he or she belongs from, must have the right to do what he or she wants to and on this very teaching, Muslim women have all the right in the world which has been given to them by their religion to exercise the same in the best manner possible. The historical analysis is pretty clear for one and all to understand the significance of the headscarf and veils since women in Islam are asked to cover their bodies from people they do not know, effectively known as the Na-th rums [Baldauf, 2006]. The need of the hour is to find out which society a particular Islamic nation is actually following and what it needs to do in order to get along the lines of the ideal (Welfare) state that Islam has really talked about. We will write a custom essay sample on Women in Holy Book Quran or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

What Is Public or Community Archaeology

Public Archaeology (called Community Archaeology in the UK) is the practice of presenting archaeological data and interpretations of that data to the public. It seeks to engage the interest of members of the public, passing along what archaeologists have learned, by way of books, pamphlets, museum displays, lectures, television programs, Internet websites, and excavations which are open to visitors. Often, public archaeology has an expressly stated goal to encourage the preservation of archaeological ruins, and, less commonly, continued government support of excavation and preservation studies associated with construction projects. Such publicly funded projects are part of what is known as Heritage Management (HM) or Cultural Resource Management (CRM). Much of public archaeology is conducted by museums, historical societies, and professional archaeology associations. Increasingly, CRM studies in the United States and Europe have required a public archaeology component, arguing that the results paid for by a community should be returned to that community. Public Archaeology and Ethics However, archaeologists must also face a range of ethical considerations when developing public archaeology projects. Such ethical considerations include the minimizing of looting and vandalism, the discouragement of international trade in antiquities, and privacy issues associated with studied peoples. Looting: Making the location of an archaeological site known to the public, or imparting information concerning the artifact assemblage recovered from a known site may make it attractive to looters, people who want to rob the site of artifacts which may still be buried there. Vandalism: Many aspects of archaeological research are difficult for the general public to accept, such as aspects of the differences between cultures and past cultural behaviors of modern people. Reporting information about the past that makes a particular cultural group look less than ideal (e.g., evidence of slavery or cannibalism), or elevate one group over another can result in​ targeted vandalism of the ruins. International Trade: Laws prohibiting international trade in artifacts looted from archaeological sites are not consistent nor consistently followed. Showing pictures of precious objects recovered from archaeological sites arguably makes those objects more worth having, and thus can unwitting ly encourage trade in antiquities, which can lead to additional looting. Privacy Issues: Some cultural groups, particularly minorities and under-represented peoples, feel sensitive about their past being used for what they may view as essentially a Euro-American past-time. Presenting archaeological data that reveals secular or religious information about a particular group may be offensive to such groups, particularly if members of the group are not participants in the research. Presenting Coherent Public Archaeology The problem is straightforward  if the answer is not. Archaeological research tends to reveal one sliver of truth about the past, colored by a range of preconceptions on the part of the excavator, and the decayed and broken pieces of the archaeological record. However, that data often reveals things about the past that people dont want to hear. So, the public archaeologist walks the line between celebrating the past and encouraging its protection, revealing some unpleasant truths about what being a human being is like  and supporting the ethical and fair treatment of people and cultures everywhere. Public Archaeology is not, in short, for sissies. I want to sincerely thank all of the scholars who continue to help me bring their academic research to the general public, sacrificing time and effort to assure that I present considered, thoughtful and accurate descriptions of their research. Without their input, the Archaeology at About.com site would be much poorer. Sources and Further Information A Bibliography of Public Archaeology, consisting of publications since 2005, has been created for this page. Public Archaeology Programs This is only a handful of the many public archaeology programs available in the world. Community Archaeology Ltd, Yorkshire, EnglandFlorida Public archaeology Network, based in Pensacola Yates Community Public Archaeology, Carol McDavids pioneering program on the Levi Jordan Plantation in Brazzoria, TexasPublic Archaeology Facility research center at University of Binghamton The Dirt on Public Archaeology, blog Public Archaeology Laboratory, CRM firm based in Rhode Island Center for Heritage Resources Studies, Maryland Peralta Hacienda Park, Oakland California Other Definitions of Public Archaeology Public Archaeology at the SAA Public Archaeology, The Matrix

Relationship between Daoism Confucianism - 864 Words

Ethan Martinez Rel1300 Dr. Benjamin Murphy October 21, 2013 Relationship Between Daoism Confucianism History has shown us, that Daoism and Confucianism have many things in common as well as many differences, let me start with what is Daoism and Confucianism. Daoism is also known as Taoism, is a religious tradition originated from China in the 550 B.C.E, it was founded by Lao Tzu, a great philosopher and the author of the â€Å"Dao De Jing† .The â€Å"Dao De Jing† or â€Å"Tao Te Ching† is a Chinese text that contains 81 chapters explaining the â€Å"ways† of Chinese life, it is often used by the monks or persons that practice the Daoism. Daoism’s main focus is on nature, and not on the social world. Compassion, moderation and humility are also focuses†¦show more content†¦Daoism means â€Å"Followers of the way†, although Dao does not means only â€Å"way†. According to the BBC religion, the word Dao or Tao can include several concepts such as â€Å"the source of creation†, â€Å"the ultimate†, â€Å"the unname able† ,â€Å"the way of nature as a whole†, â€Å"the natural universe as a whole† and â€Å"the inexpressible and indefinable.† In Taoism they believe in way of living in which there were not many rules and believes in the philosophy of inaction. They say that you can find happiness through nature and harmony. Also this is where yin and yang come from. As we can see, there are major differences between Daoism and Confucianism, but one of them is very important, the life after death. For Confucians life after death is not a big thing, Confucius said that there was no point on speculating about things that nobody can know anything about. But after you die, you deserve to be worshipped as an ancestor. This is the exact opposite in Daoism, they believe that the soul survives after death and has the ability to travel through space. They also believe in immortality, but immortality doesn t mean living for ever in the physical body, the idea is that as the Daoist draws closer and closer to nature throughoutShow MoreRelatedAncient Chinese Philosophies : Comparisons Between Lao And Confucius1476 Words   |  6 PagesAncient Chinese Philosophies: Comparisons between Lao Su and Confucius Daoism and Confucianism are two of China’s oldest religions. Both of these men’s teachings largely affect China’s belief system today, and both still widely practiced and still have temples all over the world. Confucianism helped shape China’s education system that still stands today, and Daoism has been helping people understand â€Å"the way† of life since the Han Dynasty. They are both very similar to each other, but at the sameRead MoreComparing Karma, Reincarnation, Rebirth, Moksha, and Nirvana644 Words   |  3 PagesDescribe the difference between Karma, Reincarnation, Rebirth, Moksha, and Nirvana in relation to both Hinduism and Buddhism. Karma is the connotation of causality that past actions influence future events. This is the same for both Buddhism and Hinduism. Both also believe in an endless cycle of births known as endless cycle of births, known as samsara. and release from this cycle of rebirths. Hindus believe in an everlasting soul (atman) that is reincarnated almost intact from birth to birth,Read MoreInfluences of China Essay698 Words   |  3 Pages Daoism, Confucianism, and Legalism To understand China’s current government you need to look at its influences. Daoism involves a deep acceptance of the rhythms of nature and the way of all things (World Religions); which effects people’s personal beliefs and is one of China’s main religions. Confucianism helped pave the way for communism and still is a powerful philosophy today. The ideas of Legalism directly affect the Chinese government. Despite the fact that modern China is one of the largestRead MoreEssay on Confucianism and Daoism795 Words   |  4 PagesConfucianism and Daoism Confucian and Daoist views were important for the shaping and development of mankind in the past. They were views that existed among the eastern Asian countries. They had both similarities and differences in the way they shaped out self-knowledge and self-cultivation. Also there was other outside forces that played a major role in their theories. Nature and art were said to have helped shape the human race as we know it. Confucianism and Daoism seem to be complete polarRead MoreSimilarities Between Confucianism And Confucianism893 Words   |  4 Pages For centuries, Eastern religions and philosophies of Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism Daoism have been practiced by millions. Three similarities distinguishable by all four practices is the focus and teachings of virtuous humanistic practices, compassion and respect for the world around us. Although, similar in intentions each system carries unique attributes. In 1027 BCE after the rebel tribe, Zhou overthrew the Shang dynasty a time of cultural sophistication, and philosophical achievementRead MoreThere Are So Many Religions In The World Today That It1741 Words   |  7 Pages There are so many religions in the world today that it would take several lifetimes to fully understand each and every one. Luckily, we will just be discussing the four major Eastern religions in this essay which are Hinduism, Daoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism. Each religion has similar ideas when it comes to the lack of value of the material world and finding true spiritual meaning but differs in many things. For instance, how to escape the material world, practices, the purpose in life, and moralRead MoreEssay on The Daoism and the Confucianism in Han Dynasty1623 Words   |  7 PagesThe Daoism and the Confucianism in Han Dynasty Yang Yu History 135: Imperial Chinese History Professor: Robert J. Culp Paper I March 4th, 2011 The Daoism and the Confucianism in Han Dynasty As the dominant philosophical school for around two thousand years in Chinese imperial history, Confucianism is always regarded as the most representative ideology of China, associated with numerous books, poems, artworks and stories that glorify Confucianism’s permeation into every corner of ChineseRead MoreEvaluate the Changes and Continuities in the Role of Religion in Chinese Society from 600 to 1450.1043 Words   |  5 PagesBuddhism flourished during the Sui and Tang dynasty, it faced opposition from the government during the Song dynasty. 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Don’t Bother to Knock Free Essays

Don’t Bother to Knock Different types of communication are used throughout the movie. I will limit myself to the analysis of types of communication between Jed and Nell. Nell is brought into the hotel room, and meets the parents of Bunny, the little girl she will be babysitting. We will write a custom essay sample on Don’t Bother to Knock or any similar topic only for you Order Now The parents swirl out, leaving simple instructions. Once Bunny goes to bed, Nell is left alone in the apartment. When she is alone, all you see is the sadness; therefore, she sends a facial message. In the introduction to the parents, and in her dealings with her uncle, she tries to keep it together, and put on a social happy expression, using the hidden self, but once alone, the mask is off. Meanwhile, another story goes on between Jed, a pilot, who’s been dating Lynn; a lounge singer in the hotel. Jed is obviously a â€Å"friends with benefits† type situation. Lyn is not the type to put the pressure on him to commit. She finally has come to the decision that she can’t be with him anymore. Lyn says, â€Å"You lack what I need. You lack an understanding heart. Pissed, Jed goes to his room, and then catches a glimpse in the window across the way, of Nell, dressed up in a gown, dancing around by herself. Eventually, she notices him, and they begin a nonverbal communication which may leads to a metamessage. He figures out her room number from the floor plan on the back of the door, and calls her, moving from nonverbal communication to interpersonal communicati on. They sit and talk on the phone, staring at each other from window to window, the mystery of the connection; interpersonal attraction enters the game. Jed, a guy out for a good time, and lonely guy, only sees the body at first. He looks at Nell, and sees a very beautiful woman and he thinks: I have hit the jackpot. There’s also certain passivity in Nell, a certain willingness that makes you think she would be â€Å"easy†, but this may be an overattribution from Jed. Jed having self-esteem thinks that it will be pretty easy to capture this woman for the night. To increase his accuracy, Jed decided to pay a visit to the young lady. Over the devastating course of their next couple of scenes, when he invites himself over to her room, he begins to realize that something is not right. They flirt, they drink, they kiss, and through their interactions, something opens up in Nell, she projects onto him all of her hopes and dreams, which is alarming, so early in the game, and calls to mind fatal attraction. She loves him immediately, she self-disclosures, (first time they meet) showing inadequate interpersonal skills, therefore lack of effective emotional communication. Instead of taking advantage of what he thinks he deserves anyway (after all, she invited him over, she’s in a negligee, she knows exactly what he wants! , Jed using his effective and active skills of listening, shows his â€Å"understanding heart†; he just knows that seducing this woman would be wrong, but stays with her and offers help. When Nell and Jed neck on the couch, the little girl whom Nell is tending surprises the spooning couple, this drives the psychotic Nell over the edge, forcing Jed to try to keep the baby-sitter from harming both herself and the child, and once again showi ng his ability to interpersonal conflict management. How to cite Don’t Bother to Knock, Essay examples

Past - Present - and Future of Economic Growth †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Past, Present, and Future of Economic Growth. Answer: Introduction One of the predominant economies in the global framework, which has shown immense growth and impressive development trends over the years and has developed phenomenally despite all the fluctuations and downturns time and again, is the economy of Japan. Being an island of 378,000 square kilometres, Japan is one of the most developed market economy in the global framework, ranking third globally in terms of nominal GDP and also ranking fourth in terms of the purchasing power parity (Hughes, 2013). The island country enjoys an extensively developed manufacturing as well as service sector and is the proud owner of the largest electronics commodity industry in the world and is counted as the third largest manufacturer of automobiles in the world. Over the years, the economy of Japan has been subjected to considerable fluctuations and dynamics, owing to the geographical and locational vulnerabilities and the huge natural calamities which have occurred in the country over time. Disasters like that of the Great East Japan Earthquake (2011) as well as the Tsunamis have led to widespread destructions of the economy of the country as a whole. Apart from the natural disasters, the country has also been subjected to various economic and commercial phenomena like that of the Global Financial Crisis of 2008, which had immense negative implications on the economy of the country (Lockwood, 2015). The country has however, managed to overcome these crisis with time, much of which can be attributed to the technological advancements and increased capabilities of the people of the country to adapt to different situations. Japan is considered to be one of the most innovating countries in the contemporary global framework and is known to compensate its lack of natural resources and oil or gas by their technological infrastructures (Dore, 2013). However, the country has been experiencing a decrease in the population and a relative aging of the same, with 27% of the total population of the country being over 65 years (2016) (Cook Halsall, 2012). Keeping these aspects of the economy of the country into consideration, the following section tries to analyse the economic performance of the country in the time span of 2007 to 2016. The growth and development of a country consists of development dynamics of different aspects of the country, of which the economic growth is of utmost importance as much of the welfare of the residents of the country depends on the attributes like their income status, standard of living, employment scenario, the facilities which they enjoy, the advantages which they are entitles to get from the government as well as the stability in the economy of the country (Morrison, 2012). Thus, it can be asserted that the economic development and performance of a country over the years can be analysed by observing the trends of the different economic indicators like productivity, employment and inflation statistics. Keeping this into consideration, the economic performance of Japan can be observed and analysed as follows: One of the primary indicators of economic growth which is widely used in the global framework is the Gross Domestic Product of the country, which shows the total value of the commodities and services produced within the geographical boundaries of the country within a particular span of time, which is usually considered to be one economic year. The GDP of Japan can be seen as follows: However, the Nominal GDP does not show the actual productivity growth as it cannot differentiate between the rise of GDP due to increase in output and increase in price. In this aspect, the Real GDP acts as a more authentic indicator of economic growth of a country, as it measures the growth of output by keeping the price levels same as that of the base year taken (Rodrik, 2014). As is evident from the above figure, the Real GDP of Japan has been subjected to huge fluctuations in the first part of the time span (2007-2016). The most notable drop in the growth variable was found to be in 2008-2009, which can be attributed to the Global Financial Crisis which occurred in the international economic scenario at that point of time. The slump in the Real GDP growth of the country was a ripple effect of the Financial Crisis which started as a sub-prime mortgage crisis in the United States of America in 2008 and percolated to almost all the major economies in the country. The effects were considerably felt in the economy of Japan as the stock prices fell drastically, which was also related with the loss of productivity of the economy (Ando Kimura, 2012). The inflow of investments as well as sales of the Japanese commodities and services to other parts of the world were hampered significantly. The economy went to a severe recessionary period with the businesses suffering immense loss and stagnation. However, the Real GDP of the country started recovering post 2010 and the same has maintained a more or less positive trend in the current period (post 2010) as can be seen from the above figure. However, the Real GDP of the country cannot show the individual welfare of the people living in the country, for which the Per-Capita Real GDP has to be considered, which is as follows: From the above figure it can be seen that barring the period of acute economic crisis (2008-2009), the country maintained a more or less positive (though moderate) in the per-capita GDP over the last few years. However, the per capita GDP is seen to be comparatively low as compared to the huge numbers which can be seen in the GDP of the country. This is due to the increased population and population density of the country and an increasing share of economically non-productive old age population in the country (Katagiri, 2012). Governments Strategy Framework As can be seen from the above discussion, the productivity of the economy of Japan has been compromised for several times, including the periods of 2008-2009 and also in 2011, due to the massive earthquake which took place. To combat these situations and to take the economy on a constant path of progress, the government has primarily taken various policies which are mainly of the type of expansionary fiscal policies (Baker, Bloom Davis, 2016). Both after the period of Global Economic Crisis as well as after the earthquake of 2011, the government has employed policies of low tax rates and has also initiated rigorous and aggressive policies to promote innovations so as to improve the productivity in the economy. Over the years the trade relations of Japan have grown substantially as can be seen from the following figure: The country has increased its exports considerably post the crisis period of 2008 and has the same has maintained a more or less stable pattern despite the trivial fluctuations (Kajitani, Chang Tatano, 2013). The performance of any economy also depends on the dynamics in the labour market of the economy which not only have implications on the productivity of the country as a whole but also affects the economic welfare of the employers in terms of employment, wages, work conditions and standard and quality of life enjoyed by the same (Atkinson Storey, 2016). Keeping this into consideration, the labour market performance of the economy of Japan, within the period of 2007 and 2016, can be seen with the help of the following economic indicators and their trends over time: The economic welfare of the residents of a country is primarily measured by the employment scenario in the country. Higher the rate of unemployment of the country, lower is the economic welfare of the residents of that country. The unemployment rate of Japan, which rose to a considerable extent in 2008, is seen to be decreasing noticeably after 2009, with the rates being as low as 3% in 2016. The strikingly high rate of unemployment in 2008-2009, can be attributed to the loss of jobs in the economy attributed to the Global Financial Crisis of 2008. In general, there exists different types of unemployment in a country: a) Frictional Unemployment- The type of unemployment which is transpired in the existence of phenomena like lay-offs and job switches in the labour market of an economy is known as frictional unemployment. This unemployment includes the transitory period between leaving a job and settling in a new one. An economy with high frictional unemployment indicates towards a lack of presence of job satisfaction and high job switching tendencies of the individuals in the economy. b) Structural Unemployment- A more prolonged type of unemployment is the structural unemployment as it arises primarily due to permanent events like shift in technological patterns and similar factors which leads to redundancy of the skills of many workers, thereby leading to their lay off. These workers do not get absorbed in mainstream employment easily. Thus, structural unemployment has more negative implications than any other form of employment (Goodwin et al., 2013). c) Cyclical Unemployment- The type of unemployment which occurs in an economy during the slow-downs like depressions, recession and natural calamities. Though mass unemployment occurs due to these types of incidents, however, the effects are mostly short term and the labour market of the economy re-stabilizes soon. Scenario in Japan The labour market in Japan mostly faces structural unemployment due to the continuous innovations in the economy which in turn leads to the creation of more capital-intensive industries and demand for human capital which in turn keeps on displacing labours from their employment (Pecc.org, 2018). Frictional employment is not that frequent in the economy of the country due to the presence of robust government policies and also high employee loyalty. However, Japan often faces recessionary situations due to the geographical vulnerabilities of the country. These often leads to high cyclical unemployment, which however are mitigated with time. The primary reason behind the low frictional unemployment of the country is the presence of robust employment policies in the scenario, including that of the Simultaneous Job-Recruiting for New Graduates, which enables the new graduates of the country to get absorbed in the workforce. However, the frequent occurrence of natural calamities hampers the employment sector substantially. The government of Japan, however, proves to be efficient in terms of disaster management, employment promotion and creation of new temporary job scopes even in these periods of crisis, which include jobs in medical services, emergency services and reconstruction of the destroyed infrastructure. The economic welfare of a country and its residents also depend on the price level prevailing in the economy in general, which is measured by the inflation rates in the economy. Inflation shows the increase in the price levels in a country with time. Inflation can be of two types: Demand Pull Inflation- When the price of commodities and services increase in an economy due to excessive increase in the aggregate demand in the economy, then the type of inflation occurring in the economy is known as the demand-pull inflation. Cost push Inflation- The price of commodities may also increase due to the increase in the cost of production of the same, which may be attributed to the increase in the cost of the raw materials and factors of production. This type of inflation is known as cost push inflation (Bose, 2012). The fluctuations however attained peaks during 2008 and 2014-2015, the former one being due to the Global Financial Crisis. The second one however, was an outcome of a planned policy implementation on part of the government to take the economy out of the deflationary situation of 2010-2013. The effect of inflation on the residents of a country can be seen with the help of the Consumer Price Index, which is a measure of the weighed mean of the prices of a commodity basket, consisting of the usual necessary goods and services used by the resident of the country. As is evident from the above figure the CPI rose substantially post 2014, due to the initiative taken by the government of Japan to come out of the deflationary situation and is considered to be temporary. However, according to some economists this hike in the price level, if continues for a prolonged period can lead to cost push inflation, thereby hurting the economy as a whole and its residents. Apart from a few fluctuations, the country has mostly gone through a state of deflation, which is also hurting to the economy as acute deflation indicates stagnancy in demand and supply, thereby taking the country on the path of a recession. The government has responded in terms of implementation of monetary easing strategies. However, during 2008, when the inflation went considerably high, the contractionary monetary policies taken by the government successfully brought down the inflation. However, in the current period, not much success is being observed in terms of the policies taken by the government in terms of fighting deflation (BBC News, 2018). Conclusion From the above discussion it can be seen that the economy of Japan has been subjected to considerable fluctuations, attributed to the natural disasters as well as the economic crisis faced by the country over the time. The economy was badly affected by the Global Financial Crisis of 2008 as well as the Earthquake of 2011. However, the efficient government policies have helped the country to come out of those economic downturns. However, the country has been fighting deflation for quite a long period of time and the extreme measures taken by the government in this aspect brings the threat of a cost push inflation in the future, if not controlled appropriately. References Ando, M., Kimura, F. (2012). How did the Japanese exports respond to two crises in the international production networks? The global financial crisis and the great east Japan earthquake.Asian Economic Journal,26(3), 261-287. Atkinson, J., Storey, D. J. (Eds.). (2016).Employment, the small firm and the labour market. Routledge. Baker, S. R., Bloom, N., Davis, S. J. (2016). Measuring economic policy uncertainty.The Quarterly Journal of Economics,131(4), 1593-1636. BBC News. (2018).Japan inflation rate at 23-year high.BBC News. Retrieved 31 March 2018, from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-27615551 Bose, S. (2012). Inflation: Sources, Challenges and Policy Options.Economic and Political Weekly, 27-30. Cook, I. G., Halsall, J. (2012). Aging in Japan. InAging in comparative perspective(pp. 37-45). Springer, Boston, MA. Data.worldbank.org. (2018).GDP (current US$) | Data.Data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 31 March 2018, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2016locations=JPstart=2007 Dore, R. (2013).Flexible rigidities: Industrial policy and structural adjustment in the Japanese economy, 1970-1980. AC Black. Goodwin, N., Nelson, J., Harris, J., Torras, M., Roach, B. (2013).Macroeconomics in context. ME Sharpe. Hughes, C. W. (2013).Japan's economic power and security: Japan and North Korea. Routledge. International Monetary Fund. (2018).Imf.org. Retrieved 31 March 2018, from https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDP_RPCH@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD/SRB/JPN Japan Inflation Rate | 1958-2018 | Data | Chart | Calendar | Forecast. (2018).Tradingeconomics.com. Retrieved 31 March 2018, from https://tradingeconomics.com/japan/inflation-cpi Kajitani, Y., Chang, S. E., Tatano, H. (2013). Economic impacts of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake and tsunami.Earthquake Spectra,29(s1), S457-S478. Katagiri, M. (2012).Economic Consequences of Population Aging in Japan: effects through changes in demand structure(No. 12-E-03). Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies, Bank of Japan. Lockwood, W. W. (2015).Economic Development of Japan. Princeton University Press. Morrison, C. J. (2012).A microeconomic approach to the measurement of economic performance: Productivity growth, capacity utilization, and related performance indicators. Springer Science Business Media. Pecc.org. (2018).The 26th Pacific Economic Community Seminar.Pecc.org. Retrieved 31 March 2018, from https://www.pecc.org/resources/labor/1873-examining-the-mid-and-long-term-structural-unemployment-in-asia-pacific-session2-japan-united-s/file Rodrik, D. (2014). The past, present, and future of economic growth.Challenge,57(3), 5-39. Tradingeconomics.com. (2018).Japan Exports | 1963-2018 | Data | Chart | Calendar | Forecast | News.Tradingeconomics.com. Retrieved 31 March 2018, from https://tradingeconomics.com/japan/exports Tradingeconomics.com. (2018).Japan GDP per capita | 1960-2018 | Data | Chart | Calendar | Forecast.Tradingeconomics.com. Retrieved 31 March 2018, from https://tradingeconomics.com/japan/gdp-per-capita Tradingeconomics.com. (2018).Japan Unemployment Rate | 1953-2018 | Data | Chart | Calendar | Forecast.Tradingeconomics.com. Retrieved 31 March 2018, from https://tradingeconomics.com/japan/unemployment-rate

Guido Darezzo and the History of Written Music an Example of the Topic Arts Essays by

Guido Darezzo and the History of Written Music During the medieval era of music history, music was not documented and transmitted the same way that it is today. Rather than a choir learning a new song by looking at a piece of sheet music and sight reading, oral transmission was used. In plainchant music, for example, a leader or conductor would teach the choir a song by first singing it. The choir would then sing back the same melody or phrase in an emulative manner. This method of learning music, however, changed during the 11th century, when Guido d'Arezzo formulated the world's first version of the musical staff that used music notes rather than numbers to indicate a certain pitch. Along with other tools such as the Guidonian hand, Guido developed valuable methods of teaching and transmitting music, especially to plainchant singers of that period. Although his system has since been refined and simplified, Guido's contributions to music theory greatly assisted young singers of his time, allowing them to read and learn new piece s more efficiently than through oral transmission alone. Need essay sample on "Guido D'arezzo and the History of Written Music" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Guido's musical developments, at the time, made the most significant impact upon those who participated in plainchant music. Plainchant music is interchangeably referred to as Gregorian chant music, which was a major part of medieval culture. It is religious-based music that was believed to be the only style music that was acceptable to be performed in churches, and it is still performed in certain cathedrals or Catholic churches today. In plainchant, there are absolutely no instruments accompanying the singers. Instead, the pieces consist of specific pitches and words that are combined to result in a full, chant-like sound that echoes throughout the vicinity of the church or cathedral. Plainchant music was not considered to be as modern forms of vocal performance in the sense that it is intended solely for entertainment and audio pleasure. Since it was performed only in a religious environment, plainchant was meant to enhance a person's susceptibility to a spiritual or religious exp erience-that their minds would be more open and focused on God and the messages that were to be heard in church. College Students Usually Tell EssayLab specialists: How much do I have to pay someone to write my assignment online? Essay writer professionals recommend: Custom Essay Order Buy Written Essays Cheap Essay Writing 24 Buy Essays Online Prior to Guido's system of written staff music, singers depended upon oral transmission in order to learn new pieces. What is interesting about oral transmission is that, contrary to what some may think, the oral system was not used simply because a written form of music had not yet been created. Learning music by repeating what a singer heard from their leader or conductor is based on memory, which was believed to be a form of art. Oral transmission, therefore, was a way of exercising the art of learning through memory-a valued technique that dates all the way back to the days of ancient Greece. This particular way of learning was relatively simple, especially since more primitive forms of plainchant only consisted of one part-that is, all members of the choir would sing in unison and there was only one melody to be learned. Oral transmission began to lose its effectiveness, however, once the concept of harmonies and split parts was introduced to plainchant. By 1100 the practice of singing in two parts moving together was becoming more elaborate and soon a third part would be added. Such developments created problems for choirs and choir masters looking for well coordinated ensemble singing. Up to this time musical notation, such as it was, consisted of mnemonic marks rather than precise indications of varying musical pitches. To teach a group of singers a piece of plainchant in unison is relatively easy; but when more than one part has to be taught, it becomes much more difficult for all singers to remember their individual melodies. Consider a choir that is attempting to learn a three-part chant simultaneously. The first group of singers is able to memorize their parts without any difficulty. Then instructor then moves on to the next two groups and teaches them their parts in the same manner. By the time the third group has learned their harmonies the first group is likely to have forgotten their part of the chant or has confused some of their melodies with the other two groups. Even with the form of written music that was used in the early 11th century, those mnemonic notations approximated a tone rather than being a specific representation of one single note. As plainchant music advanced and became increasingly more complicated with the introduction of harmonies, it was evident that singers would require a more advanced form of written music in order to efficiently and effectively learn new pieces. In order to understand the importance of Guido's contributions to music, it is important to understand the difference between the world of music back then and how it is today. Many of the most talented and successful musicians, such as The Beatles' Paul McCartney, have proven that one does not necessarily have to be able to read or write music in order to be considered a successful composer. They are able to compose, however, because there is a standardized system of music that consists of notes and chords that can be played in a given sequence in order to create a complete musical phrase. In the 11th century, there was no such system and notes were thought of as random pitches rather than part of a series of musical patterns that complemented each other. It was not until Guido d'Arezzo, a monk from a small town in Italy, developed a new way of writing music that notes and pitches became standardized. Guido, who was highly intelligent and referred to today as a musical genius, received his education at the Benedictine monastery located in Pomposa; and it was there, that he worked as a choir director who was soon known for teaching choirs new chants in record time. This is one of the earliest examples of how written music served to teach music much faster than oral transmission alone. Guido single-handedly changed the future of written music when he developed the four-line musical staff, or stave, in the mid-11th century. Although a five-line stave is used today, Guido's four-line version was based on similar theory. With this system, "...notes were represented by diamond shaped marks. Each move up the grid, from a line to the space above it, represented a fixed interval, usually a single tone". Hans-Joachim Braun describes the relationship between Guido's musical stave and his time period in the following statement: Guido's system anticipated the European fascination with labour saving devices and this in the one area which in other cultures was almost intended to be laborious. Where the Asian musician expects to spend years memorizing the vocabulary of his art, the choir at Arezzo and soon the choirs of all Europe's cathedrals, freed from that particular chore, were liberated for the exploration of new music. The four-line stave not only facilitated the learning of European choirs, but it also gave Europe a sort of advantage over countries who did not yet adopt the use of the stave. Guido's stave provided the foundation for notes that would be added to the set of horizontal lines. The four lines indicated the movement up and down a keyboard-that is, as a note moves from a line up to the space above it, the pitch rises along with it. Alternatively, a note that was shown on a line or space below the previous note would indicate that a singer was to sing a lower pitch. In order to use the stave as a teaching utensil, Guido had to give names to the various diamond-shaped notes that were written on the lines and spaces. If the notes were not labeled, then they would not mean anything. It was Guido's development of solmization that facilitated the learning of notes, pitches, and sight reading amongst singers. Although solmization may sound complicated, it is what gave rise to seven notes that are used today-A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Solmization refers to "...the practice of assigning syllables to notes, [which] greatly simplified the sight-reading of music". Richard Rogers' song "Do, Re, Mi" from The Sound of Music is perhaps the most commonly used form of solmization today, as it is used with children from a young age in order to teach them the seven different notes on a staff. These syllables, however, are based upon Guido's original notes. Guido set an existing hymn addressed to John the Baptist to a new tune... The first note was the lowest note on the scale, and each subsequent phrase began one note higher than the previous phrase. Then Guido used the first syllable of each phrase to name the note of the scale. The hymn's first phrase was Ut queant laxis. So Guido named the first note ut. The second phrase was resonare fibris. So he named the second note re. The hymn had six phrases, and so his charges learned to sing, "Ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la." Although there are seven notes within a full scale, most of Guido's chants were confined to only those six. Still, he named a seventh note for those few compositions that required it, and called gamma. Altogether, the scale of seven notes is called the gamut-a word based on the combination of the first and last notes. This was later developed into a phrase that is used today, "run the gamut", which means moving through an entire range. The use of solmization by Guido was not only a genius musical breakthrough at the time of its development, but it was also extremely clever and approachable. Unlike what one may have expected from a new system of music transmission, the "ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, gamma" scale was quite simple to learn, especially with the chants and phrases that Guido wrote in order to simplify written music for his singers. In addition to Guido's note names, the four-line stave, and the song he wrote in order to teach singers musical notes, the Guidonian hand was developed in order to help singers memorize notes and pitches as well. The hand is believed to have been created posthumously, but Guido is still credited for its origin and creation. Upon first glance, the Guidonian hand may be somewhat confusing. It consists of simply drawing of a hand, but there are several numbered and labeled spots, beginning with the tip of the thumb, which is labeled as "ut". The two sequential numbers that continue down the thumb are "re" and "mi", indicating that the different indentations and lines on one's hand can be thought of as a representation of a certain note-yet another mnemonic that could make sight-reading and learning notes even more simple. There are twenty different places, or loca, on the Guidonian hand, each of which represent a different note on the gamut, as well as the steps up and down the four-lin e staff. Mary Carruthers and Jan Ziolkowski explain the diagram as follows: On the hand, these places are the successive fingertips and joints starting with the tip of the thumb and continuing counterclockwise in a spiral motion, with the twentieth place imagined on the reverse side of the nineteenth, which is on the third joint of the middle finger... On the scale, the places are the ascending lines and spaces between them, beginning with the lowest line and ending with the space above the highest, tenth, line. This shows that the order of the twenty places on the Guidonian hand not only represented the different notes of the gamut, but the octave in which they were meant to be sung as well. If a singer was looking at their left hand, their thumb would represent the lowest or starting "ut" on a scale. As they progressed, the notes would essentially snake around their four other fingers, progressively getting higher, and the tips of those four fingers would represent the highest notes of a scale. The Guidonian hand can be considered one of the first attempts to represent the differences between a treble and bass clef, which are both part of today's music staff. The appropriate clefs had not yet been designed, so the Guidonian hand was used instead to indicate which octave a note should be sung in, making it easier for singers of different ranges and assigned parts to distinguish between the different octaves of notes. With the development of his six primary notes, Guido went on to lay the foundation for what is known today as a hexachord. A hexachord involves six pitch classes, which refers to the same note played in different intervals. Similar to what the different places on the Guidonian hand represented, varying intervals affect the location of a certain note on a keyboard. Guido's work on the matter is called Micrologus de disciplina artis musicae, which provided medieval music teachers and composers an outline regarding singing and music as it relates to plainchant. He had written the treatise after his departure from Pomposa around 1025, where he received negative feedback from those who believed his music theory to be unworthy of recognition or following. Guido proved his critics to be wrong once "...Micrologus, which was dedicated to Theodaldus, the bishop who sanctioned it, became enormously popular and was used throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries in monasteries and universities". This written work was quite revolutionary for its time, particularly due to its focus on movement up and down the musical scale, as well as Guido's study of intervals. According to Stefano Mengozzi, Guido's work largely impacted the later development of, both, polyphonic sound and the diatonic system. Micrologus also became one of the most influential treatises ever produced during the Middle Ages, as it is currently preserved in more than one hundred different sources that were found throughout the centuries. It has also become one of the most copied pieces of music theory in history to date, which is only further evidence of the innovation and brilliance that Guido's work possessed. By the time of his death in 1050, Guido had produced several manuscripts that have been translated into several languages and are still studied today. The contributions he made to music theory greatly affected how it was taught and learned by plainchant singers of his era; but his musical theories also contributed to the written transmission of music as a whole. His goal may have been to develop a system that would allow his Gregorian singers to learn music faster than through oral transmission, but he instead formulated theories that impacted the future of Western music as a whole and hastened its development-something that oral transmission could never have achieved. Although his version of the four-line music stave is no longer used, it is a paramount part of music history as it contributed to the five-line version that is used today. In addition, his use of solmization enabled singers to learn how to read music at a pace that was unheard of prior to his time. Without Guido's musi cal theories, Western music may not have been nearly as technically and theoretically advanced as it is today. Through the creation of the stave, solmization, the Guidonian hand, and Micrologus, Guido made music accessible to everyone and not only those who dedicated years of their life to learn music and music theory. BIBLIOGRAPHY Braun, Hans-Joachim. Music and Technology in the Twentieth Century. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002. Carruthers, Mary, and Jan M. Ziolkowski. The Medieval Craft of Memory: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002. Demorest, Steven M. Building Choral Excellence: Teaching Sight-Singing in the Choral Rehearsal. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. Hiley, David. Western Plainchant: A Handbook. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. Mengozzi, Stefano. The Renaissance Reform of Medieval Music Theory: Guido of Arezzo Between Myth and History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Neff, David. "The Original Do, Re, Mi." Christian History & Biography, no. 93 (2007): 39. Spignesi, Stephen J. The Italian 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Cultural, Scientific, and Political Figures, Past and Present. New York: Kensington Publishing Corp., 2003.